Thalamus

Processing center of the cerebral cortex. Coordinates and regulates all functional activity of the cortex via the integration of the afferent input to the cortex (except olfaction).

Contributes to affectual expression. 

• Altered level of consciousness.
• Loss of perception.
• Thalamic syndrome - spontaneous pain opposite side of body. 

Hypothalamus

Integration center of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulation of body temperature and endocrine function.

Anterior Hypothalamus: parasympathetic activity (maintenance function).

Posterior Hypothalamus: sympathetic activity ("Fight" or "Flight", stress response.

Behavioral patterns: Physical expression of behavior.

Appestat: Feeding center.

Pleasure center.  

• Hormonal imbalances.
• Malignant hypothermia.
• Inability to control temperature.
• Diabetes Insipidus (DI).
• Inappropriate ADH (SIADH).
• Diencephalic dysfunction: "neurogenic storms". 

Internal Capsule 

• Contralateral plegia (Paralysis of the opposite side of the body). 

• Altered level of consciousness. 

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Intracranial Pressure

Understanding Coma

Rancho Los Amigos Scale/ The Levels of Coma

Objectives of Neurosurgery

A Glossary of Terms